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normal to the surface

См. также в других словарях:

  • Surface reconstruction — refers to the process by which atoms at the surface of a crystal assume a different structure than that of the bulk. Surface reconstructions are important in that they help in the understanding of surface chemistry for various materials,… …   Wikipedia

  • Surface second harmonic generation — is a method for probing interfaces in atomic and molecular systems. In second harmonic generation (SHG), the light frequency is doubled, essentially converting two photons of the original beam of energy E into a single photon of energy 2 E as it… …   Wikipedia

  • Surface plasmon — Surface plasmons, also referred to in the literature as surface plasma polaritons, are fluctuations in the electron density at the boundary of two materials. Plasmons are the collective vibrations of an electron gas (or plasma) surrounding the… …   Wikipedia

  • Normal (mathematics) — In mathematics, normal can have several meanings:* Surface normal, a vector (or line) that is perpendicular to a surface. * Normal component, the component of a vector that is perpendicular to a surface. ** Normal curvature, of a curve on a… …   Wikipedia

  • Surface phonon — Phonons are collective lattice vibration modes, and surface phonons are those particular modes associated with surfaces; they are an artifact of periodicity, symmetry, and the termination of bulk crystal structure associated with the surface… …   Wikipedia

  • Surface gradient — In vector calculus, the surface gradient is a vector differential operator that is similar to the conventional gradient. The distinction is that the surface gradient takes effect along a surface.For a surface S in a scalar field u, the surface… …   Wikipedia

  • Surface normal — Normal vector redirects here. For a normalized vector, or vector of length one, see unit vector. A polygon and two of its normal vectors …   Wikipedia

  • Normal mapping — used to re detail simplified meshes. In 3D computer graphics, normal mapping, or Dot3 bump mapping , is a technique used for faking the lighting of bumps and dents. It is used to add details without using more polygons. A common use of this… …   Wikipedia

  • The Culture — is a fictional interstellar anarchist, socialist, and utopian[1][2] society created by the Scottish writer Iain M. Banks which features in a number of science fiction novels and works of short fiction by him, collectively called the Culture… …   Wikipedia

  • Surface forces apparatus — The surface force apparatus (SFA) is a scientific instrument and technique pioneered by D. Tabor, R.H.S. Winterton, J.N. Israelachvili in the early 1970s at Cambridge University. By the mid 70 s Israelachvili had adapted the original design to… …   Wikipedia

  • Normal, Illinois — Uptown Normal looking east on North Street …   Wikipedia

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